Insights Into Dark Matter: by Katherine J. Mack

Hints and Signals from Astrophysics

My Twitter-friend, astrophysicist and fellow dog-enthusiast, Katie Mack, recently presented at the Joint CoEPP and CASSTRO Conference in Melbourne Australia on matters of the elusive Dark Matter. The following is the slideshow she presented with an audio track similar to the actual presentation she gave (in other words, it was not recorded at the conference). I present it here in the hopes that more people will see it. I hope you enjoy it! I certainly did. Learning about these things just fills my head with more questions, revealing how much both the collectively we and to a much larger extent, I, know about the universe.

There is a link below the presentation to the original site on which she posted the slideshow. And without further ado, Dr. Mack:

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3/16/13 – Science Olympiads at Kellenberg Memorial High School

On Saturday, March 16, I was a judge for my school district’s region of Science Olympiads. And it was awesome. But before I discuss the particulars of my experience, I’m first going to tell you how this came to pass.

The Earth Science teacher in my school, Dina Ditrano, is the Regional Coordinator of our region’s Division B (middle school) Science Olympiad.  We frequently talk science at school so she is aware of my keen interest in the various fields thereof. A few months back, she asked me if I would like to be a judge for one of the events at this tournament: Sounds of Music. The music teacher and science fan gets to judge the science of sound event? Suh-weeeet! In this event, teams of 2 students each have to construct two instruments and play a scale, a mandatory piece of music (the melody from Dvořák’s 9th Symphony) and a piece of their own choosing on said instruments. They are scored on a variety of criteria including musical, creative, and technical aspects as well their knowledge of their instruments and the physics of sound. More details can be viewed on the website. It was settled. I was in.

Impostor Syndrome

Naturally, leading up to the event my impostor syndrome kicked in. What do I know/remember about the physics of sound? Sure I took a class in undergrad called Tuning and Temperament (which was awesome) in which we discussed at length the mathematical relationships between different harmonics, scales of various temperaments through musical history (such as Pythagorean tuning, well temperament, and equal temperament) and saw the advantages/disadvantages thereof. I also took a research class in graduate school in which we examined the physics of sound waves, harmonic properties of various instruments, the mechanics of the ear and more. But that was ages ago (wow, way to make myself feel old…). These kids are studying this stuff now (or at least I imagined they were if they were to be participating in this event). And I’m not science teacher. And I’m not familiar with Science Olympiads. What if I blew it? And after all the hard work the kids put in, to boot!? All I could do was be as prepared as possible; do the best I can.

My Assistants – Our Future

At the event I had four high school students as assistants. Two of them were from my district (Hicksville), one was from the school district to which I went growing up (Syosset), and another from the private school hosting the event (Kellenberg).Thankfully these students were well-versed in the mechanics and rules of this event as many of them had participated in it before. They were exceptionally valuable and knowledgeable resources who certainly put a number of my anxieties at ease. And let me just say: these students were delightful. If I somehow made a wish to Zoltar Speaks to be small again, these are the types of kids I imagine I’d be friends with: musicians and geeks. The clarinetist who wants to purse a career in Bio. The singer who wants to go to college for Nanotech. (Sadly none were terribly into astronomy. To each his/her own, I guess). I was conversing with our future, and our future looked very promising. I wish you could see how their faces lit up when they discussed the beautiful specimens to be identified in the high school-level Rocks and Minerals event. All of these students were juniors, so they are at that point where they are beginning to look at colleges and think about their futures, careers, etc. I asked if any of them were on Twitter (not so we could follow each other – that would be inappropriate). Unfortunately, none of them were. I told them how invaluable it is – how they could be networking, communicating with people in their fields of interest, people who are very willing to communicate back. I told them of how I ask questions to real live astronomers, astrophysicists, and cosmologists and actually get answers. It was my desire to let them know this isn’t even the future of how things will be done – it’s the now. Needless to say, they were eager to create their accounts when they got home.

The Event

It was thrilling to see swarms of students so excited about science and competing therein. Many teams had fun designs on their T-shirts. One team had the XKCD variant on comic #208 where the figure holding beakers says, “Stand Back I’m Going To Try Science” There were jokes on shirts where one atom says it lost an electron and another asks, “Are you positive?” A team was dressed up like ninjas except instead of swords on their backs, they had meter sticks.

For my event, I saw 27 different teams. Some schools had multiple teams while others only one. A number of the instruments I saw were truly impressive both in construction and in sound. Violins and cellos. Pitched percussion instruments using PVC pipes cut to various lengths. Guitars, ukuleles and banjos. Breath-powered instruments that required blowing (flutes) and buzzing (trombones). I wish I could post pictures, but I don’t think I’m allowed to because of the possibility of designs beings stolen. Certain teams not only did a brilliant job with construction but were comprised of phenomenal musicians as well. One school’s team included a girl who constructed a Stroh Violin and a boy with a homemade guitar who played the theme from Indiana Jones. Blew. My. Mind. This young lady was quite an accomplished player. For an instant I forgot these instruments were not professionally made. I was momentarily removed from a science competition and transported to a wonderful musical performance. All I could do was sit, listen, and enjoy.

On other teams, the instruments had beautiful construction but the players were not technically proficient enough to optimally demonstrate their sonic capabilities. For example, a student made a pitched percussion instrument on which the tops were sealed with aluminum (I believe he said they were the bottoms of soda cans). When he hit the head of the pipe with his “mallet” (a spoon), he used dead strokes instead of the more technically accurate and desirable rebounding with each strike. I took a turn at a couple of hits just to see what the instrument could sound like, but I ultimately had to grade it on his performance.

Disappointment

It was with great dismay that I found a number of the teams that were participating were not prepared. Rather, it was more than being unprepared – they did not know the rules. They did not know they needed to submit a copy of the sheet music to be performed to the judges. They did not know that there was a piece that all teams were required to play. They did not know that they were scored differently depending on if they played a 1 octave diatonic scale, 1 octave chromatic scale, 1.5 octave diatonic, 1.5 octave chromatic, 2 octave diatonic, or 2 octave chromatic scales. Some did not know their instruments had to fit into 2-predetermined frequency ranges (essentially one low instrument and one high).

I was flabbergasted. Of course I do not the particulars of each school’s situation, or that of each team. I do not know to what extent these students had help from an adviser  if at all. But the rules were given to each team’s adviser.

On a personal note, this is where my impostor syndrome actually becomes useful. I am so afraid of not being taken seriously that when I send kids to participate in the NYSSMA solo festival or the NMEA All County Music festival, I make sure they are as prepared as possible because I am afraid of how it will reflect on me and my school. I have seen students from other districts at All County festivals who clearly have not been helped with the repertoire ahead of time and therefore don’t know how their voice part goes. Some of these kids at Saturday’s competition were absolutely mortified when we told them they were going to lose points for not providing us the required musical scores, or that they had to play two duets instead of solos. I could not imagine putting my kids in that kind of situation.

Actually, I can. Two years ago I was preparing my students for NYSSMA solo festival. I suggested to one of my students to perform the song “In My Own Little Corner” from the Broadway show, Cinderella. After all, two years prior I worked with another student on that same song for the same festival, so what could possibly go wrong? Well, apparently the book with the list of accepted songs for the festival was updated during that two year period and that song was removed, thereby making my student ineligible for an actual score. Because I made an assumption (a not entirely unreasonable one at that, but an assumption nonetheless), my student lost out. I felt horrible with a capital H. I made a number of phone calls and worked it out so that my student could compete again at another school, paid for her enrollment, and worked on another song with her.

I guess it worked out in the end for my student and I learned my lesson, but these kids in this science competition do not get another shot. This was it. I can only hope that these kids relay the experience back to their teachers so that these teachers will better prepare their teams in the future.

To the Future

As I said, I was extremely pleased with the quality of students and people I saw my high school-aged assistants to be. I was also touched, as previously mentioned, by the enthusiasm with which I saw the middle schoolers participating in this science competition. The last thing to which I wish to draw your attention is the number of girls involved in this competition. I know there are plenty of issues right now with numbers of females involved in STEM-related fields. I recognize the inequalities at the academic and professional level, the difficulty of breaking into the “old boys’ clubs” and the like. But if you saw what I saw yesterday, I think you would feel a sense of hope and excitement about the future. Of my four student assistants, three were female. The majority of the competing teams I saw were female. I had a wonderful opportunity to see our collective future at this tournament. I can happily report that we are in for a brighter tomorrow. To the future!

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Seeing What There Is To See

I wrote an article for the March edition of the UK-based EZine, Astronomy Wise. It is titled, Seeing What There Is To See: Stargazing in Urban Environments, and it is about… well, the title say it all, really. While I do specifically reference New York City with great frequency (as I live there), much of what I stated can be applied to any metropolitan area. You can access the specific issue here and my article appears on pages 44-49. I hope you enjoy!

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Are Citizen Science Endeavors Actually Doing Science?

A Response to Dr. Adam Stevens’s Citizen Science

Dr. Adam Stevens recently wrote a critique of the contributions done by the participating citizenry in projects such as Zooniverse and FoldIt. Dr. Stevens says that he does not mean to be patronizing to the people taking part in these noble endeavors. Regardless of those targeted by his post may feel, I take him at his word that it was not his intention to come across in such a way. His is merely an argument of semantics and I find it best to let him speak for himself:

But… let’s not pretend that it is something that it is not. It’s not, as far as I’m concerned, “citizen science”. It is data crunching, plain and simple, and I think it could be so much more.

Before we pick apart all the things he did say in his post, let us first be clear about what he is not saying. Dr. Stevens is in no way saying that the participants in these tasks are not qualified to sort and identify barred-spiral galaxies from elliptical galaxies. He is not invalidating their aid (being offered gratis) due to a misguided belief that people without scientific degrees are incapable of such tasks. What Dr. Stevens is saying is that the work they do is simply not science. The offerings from the public, as he puts it,

[a]re what happens before the science starts [emphasis his]. Looking at these images, clicking, sorting, categorising, isn’t the science. The science is in the interpretation that happens afterwards.

And therein lies the error. It is his very definition of what “science” is. This, it should be stressed, is no trivial matter. Words have tremendous power, possibly even effecting how we perceive the world around us. If we suddenly disenfranchise the invaluable contributions offered to the scientific community by the masses as a result of altering what it is called – “citizen science” to “data crunching”- then they may be less inclined to take part in scientific ventures in the future. I truly don’t see it that differently than, say, civil unions versus marriage equality for same-sex couples. Even if the only thing different between the two was the classification, it is still thusly separate entity and therefore somehow lessens or cheapens it.

Steps of the Scientific Method: Flow Chart

Steps of the Scientific Method: Flow Chart;
Courtesy of Universe Today

To be clear: I am not advocating calling what the participants of Zooniverse do “science” just to make them feel better and keep them engaged in the process. Rather, I believe, as previously mentioned, it is Dr. Stevens’s definition of science that is at fault and thereby undermines the importance of what sites like Zooniverse bring to the table. In 2010, Mr. Tega Jessa wrote an article for the Universe Today titled “What are the Steps of the Scientific Method.” Included in the article was the following infographic, which neatly summarizes the entire article’s position of what the aforementioned steps are. Now let us scrutinize the Galaxy Zoo using Dr. Stevens’s definition compared to that of Mr. Jessa’s article. According to Dr. Stevens’s definition, those responsible for obtaining the images – creating the satellities, programming exposure times, picking targets, etc – were not, to paraphrase The Sarcastic Rover, doing a science. However, according to Mr. Jessa, they were taking part in the step of Making Observations. The next step in the scientific method after observing is to Organize and Analyze Data – what those logged in Galaxy Zoo are actively doing.

Perhaps what Dr. Stevens takes issue with is that the sorting and categorizing seems like something that can be done by a computer and thereby reduces the people involved in the endeavor to mere flesh-and-bone machines. For example, the Mars Expoloration Rover, Opportunity, looked at rocks (Observation) and using spectrometers determined their chemical makeup (Analyzing). But it was the human scientists that were able to figure out what all that meant (Drawing a Conclusion) – that jarosite, a hydrated iron sulfite mineral, is indicative of former long-term exposure to liquid water and therefore Mars once had liquid water. There are two points to be made about this: just because humans have largely outsourced their analysis of monstrous quantities of data to machines does not eliminate the step from being a part of the scientific process. The computer is a very recent invention and therefore data-crunching, sorting, and categorizing used to be something people did more often. The second thing to note is that humans are just really good at this sort of thing. We possess pattern recognition skills that would be the envy of all computers (if they were capable of such emotion).

A point worth mentioning: Dr. Adam Stevens cares about science outreach. In the discussion and disagreements that many are having regarding the position he took within his blog post, this fact should not be lost. Within his article, he speaks of how he wishes laypeople could be more engaged. Towards the end of the article, he refers to the Zooniverse project, Planet Four, saying:

Planet Four is apparently aiming to map “features [that] indicate wind direction and speed”. So why not ask people to say what they think the wind direction is? Add a button to the side to add an arrow (or more than one) to the picture to show the wind direction. Better yet, let them compare two images and say which one has a stronger/faster wind. Yes, ‘scientists’ might balk and say that people can’t make these kind of inferences without all the necessary information and a background in planetary science, but it would have the potential to provide interesting results and lifts the activity from mere number crunching to people making real inference from real data.

This simple change, I feel, would elevate the whole exercise, making it real science and stopping what I think is somewhat patronising slave labour.

His website has a page titled, “Outreach,” where he discusses ideas for programs, workshops he has done, and mentions how he can tailor these student-centered ideas to adults if need be, for cryin’ out loud. Clearly Dr. Adam Stevens is not someone who is out to alienate those without PhDs from scientific undertakings; on the contrary, he wants more public awareness and involvement. However, it is my fear and concern that by limiting his definition of what it means to do a science and denigrating the contributions being made by the members of citizen science organizations such as Zooniverse, Dr. Adam Stevens’s public stance could have the complete opposite and undesired effect.

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How a Meme Led to a Discovery

  1. A conversation had begun between various scientists with questions regarding the size of raindrops on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. Those raindrops are made of liquid methane, mind you, as Titan has a methane cycle that is analogous to our planet’s water cycle. This is due to the surface temperature being so low (−179 °C, or −290 °F) that methane is able to exist in liquid form. At some point along the conversation, this happened:

  2. I call first mate!! RT @sondy: @brianwolven @lukedones I volunteer to go sailing on the seas of Titan.
  3. Seeing this in my Twitter feed, I snarkily interjected:
  4. @sondy @astrokatie Enjoy your sailing on seas of methane.⛵⚓

    I’ll be busy ice fishing on Europa. ��❄

  5. (There were Emoji in that tweet that are not visible here. My apologies.)
  6. Not one to miss an opportunity to pile on the humor, Scott Lewis (@baldastronomer) added:
  7. @urbanastronyc @sondy @AstroKatie You have fun with that. I’ll be keeping Vesta company since @NASA_Dawn abandoned her for a bigger rock.
  8. That made me think of the famous, “I got a rock…” line from It’s the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown. I found a picture, loaded it into my Make-a-Meme app (quite an entertaining app, I must say) for the iPhone and:
  9. @sondy @astrokatie @nasa_dawn Sorry @BaldAstronomer I couldn’t resist. #GoodGrief #YoureAGoodAstronomerCharlieBrown http://pic.twitter.com/EFWX6R2a
  10. And I thought that was that. Maybe people would make more jokes/puns. But then Alessondra said this:
  11. Wait, what?!?
  12. I couldn’t resist. I sought out the appropriate image and…
  13. @astrokatie @baldastronomer @nasa_dawn Again, couldn’t resist. This one’s for @sondy: http://pic.twitter.com/tcTaQlfe
  14. She approved.
  15. @sondy I grew up watching those movies. So cool your grandfather was involved :)
  16. Seriously. Click on that link above and see what this man did with his life. I’ll wait. Are you back now? Are you amazed? How could you not be?
  17. @sondy Dude! He fought *the man*! (ie Disney) What an incredible life.
  18. (Naturally I was reffering to “the man” that is always keeping you down, not the complimentary, “You the man!” Anyway…)
  19. @UrbanAstroNYC And was a test pilot! And a plane designer! A nice reminder that we can have multiple careers in various fields.
  20. The following is an excerpt from a blog post Alessondra wrote regarding the previous night’s exchange:

    My grandfather Bill Littlejohn used to animate Peanuts; he would have been 99 this year.  An animator, union organizer, test pilot, and airplane designer, his long and varied career reminds me that it’s okay that mine is taking a variety of twists and turns through technical and creative pursuits.  Bill grew up in a sailing family, and a few of his hand-illustrated birthday cards that he’d mail or fax every year involved sailboats and depictions of me with short brown hair.
    Just amazing.
    ———————————–
  21. All I can say is: How cool is Twitter? Seriously. Not only has it put me in direct contact scientists and other interesting people, but then you learn awesome things about others like the people to whom they’re related and your world becomes a much more interesting place for it.
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Wednesday, 2/6/13 – Andromeda Galaxy

8:30-9:30pm Fairly clear, very windy
80mm Refractor, 20mm wide-field EP

Until this date, I had yet to put my 80mm refractor to test the extent to which it could reveal the Andromeda galaxy. Messier 31 has an apparent magnitude of 3.4 which, according to the venerable Wikipedia, means that it can be seen by the unaided eye “on moonless nights even when viewed from areas with moderate light pollution.” My location, however, has more than moderate light pollution. The desire to seek out this particular deep-sky object was inspired by recent starscape images I had taken the previous night. I had just begun experimenting with leaving the shutter open of my dinky point-and-shoot for 15 seconds. (Previously, I had only done no longer than 3 seconds. Why? I don’t really know, to be honest. Moving on…) Against the light pollution of New York City/New Jersey (given my westward-facing direction) I could detect a slight smudge in the image and not much more.

Roll-over for Andromeda Constellation

Andromeda doing a headstand in chains, that crazy minx.

This night was very windy – attempts at creating more starscapes from my high-rise balcony came to a screeching halt when the skinny tripod supporting my camera lost a battle to a strong gust and toppled over. I thusly went to the bedroom, opened the window, and tried setting up my telescope there. The viewing area through the bedroom window is extremely limited. But, Andromeda was clearly in the line of sight from this viewing location. I aligned my finder scope and went about my search.

And lo, from the darkness a ghostly grey emerged. A faint haze. A wispy cloud. Thin remnants of a cotton ball. Averted vision in my 20mm eyepiece brought out a smidgen more contrast. And I thought it was good.

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Andromeda through iPhone: Before (L) and after (R) some processing

I attached the iPhone adapter to the EP and set out to capture some of those photons that have been traveling our way for some 2.5 million light years. (Even longer if you consider the time it took for them to actually escape the stars from which they were born). Would it work? Well, using the NightCap app, which allowed for a whopping 1 second exposure, I was able to get an image that is really only perceivable if you turn all the lights off and the screen brightness up quite a bit. With a bit of finagling in the Photoshop Express app on the phone, I was able to eek out more information, but no color. No hint of blue here, folks. But Andromeda is in fact blue-shifted (having a reshift of z = -0.001), as we are moving towards each other. To think about the day will come – if anyone is alive to see it – when Andromeda will fill up the night sky makes my brain melt in wonder and fascination.

It is quite amazing, really. Since our own galaxy is supposed to look very similar to the Andromeda galaxy, I can only imagine a sentient intelligent being looking up at her night sky and witnessing a similar sight. Does she bask in the awe and wonder of the universe too? Does this imagined being have her own alien equivalent of An American Tail that causes her to imagine a connection with someone distant by a similar or shared vision? I only hope her civilization, should it exist, does not have to contend with the same issues of light pollution that are taking over the few remaining dark corners of our planet.

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11/16/12 – Columbia University Lecture/Stargazing Series 3

What an amazing night! As if going to a free astronomy lecture and getting to look through telescopes significantly larger than my own itty-bitty refractor were not enough, I finally got to meet people who I had previously only known through the Twitterverse. By chance, I had been conversing with Summer Ash (@Summer_Ash) for some time before it ever came up in conversation that she runs the Astronomy Outreach Program at Columbia University. Another tweep with whom I had been talking for a few months is astronomer and recent New York City transplant, Ashley Pagnotta (@ashpags). She was recently hired by the AmericanMuseum of Natural History and is studying the relationship between variable stars and Type-1a supernovae. We first started communicating the night Neil Armstrong passed away. The hashtag #winkatthemoon took off that night, and I tweeted (twote?) that I was bringing my telescope to the East River to honor and remember him, and hopefully let others gaze at our closest celestial neighbor as well. If memory serves correctly, she responded and mentioned that she too was in the city. Expanding on this theme of meeting people, there was a man who I met in Central Park and let look through my telescope a week prior. I had told him about this event at Columbia, and he actually showed up!

La Palma

La Palma, home of the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory

The lecture of the night was given by Swedish Postdoctoral Research Scientist at Columbia University, Helena Uthas. About 180 people showed up to hear it (some people came later for the rooftop observing only). I sat with Dr. Pagnotta and she told me that she knew the speaker as they study the same types of stars. The talk was more story than science, but that is quite alright. If anyone had thought that being an astronomer was just a whole ‘lotta fun (cough cough, me, cough cough), this lecture would set them straight about some of the harsh realities of being a support astronomer, particularly in a remote location. Dr. Uthas was stationed on the island of La Palma in the volcanic island chain of the Canary Islands. On the rim of the massive caldera sits a series of observatories – The Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST), the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT), the Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes (MAGIC), and more. All of these astronomical observing instruments make up Roque de los Muchachos Observatory. This observatory is also home to the largest single-aperture telescope in the world – the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias.

William Herschel Telescope, La Palma

William Herschel Telescope, La Palma

Dr. Uthas told of the harrowing journey of hairpin turns, dangerous drops, and black ice that traveling on this volcano can be. She told of grueling work trying to remove stuck filters from inside the SST that shred the skin of her hands and made her bleed. She told of solitude – her first assignment was the Solar Telescope so while she was working during the day, all of the other astronomers slept because they worked at night. She also spoke of the untold beauty of her natural surroundings, being above the cloud line, and the awe and crushing humility at facing the immensity of the universe from such a pristine site. Dr. Uthas conveyed her anecdotes with wonder, modesty, and humor. She was really a joy to listen to.

When the lecture was over Dr. Pagnotta and I walked up to the front to say hello to people and meet others. She knew a few people from her field of work, and I introduced myself to Dr. Ash. Most people cleared out to go to the roof for stargazing. At these events, while visual observations are occurring on the roof, there are usually slideshows that take place in the auditorium and people have the opportunity to ask questions of the astronomers. I went into the hallway for a few moments and chatted with Summer and Helena. When I went back in the auditorium, I found Ashley sitting with the 2 people who stayed for the Q&A session. The astronomer, whose name escapes me, actually works at AMNH as well, so they knew each other. There were discussions and questions about the future of our galaxy colliding with the Andromeda galaxy, the history of discovering that Andromeda and other objects did not exist within our galaxy (the “Great Debate” in the early 1920s) and more. I asked questions related to barred galaxies.

20121117-152115.jpg

Slide of what night sky could look like in 4b years when Andromeda collides with Milky Way

Ashley and I then went up to the roof. I asked her if being a professional astronomer made this type of observing seem “old hat.” She said that she was very curious to see what New York City skies had to offer, as she had not been able to get much above street level in her short time here. She was pleasantly surprised: Cassiopeia, Orion, Cygnus – plenty of celestial friends were readily visible. It was a fairly clearly night and her low expectations were greatly exceeded. We viewed Jupiter through a 6″ Orion SkyQuest Dobsonian, the Pleiades through a 14″ SCT, and Andromeda through a 12″ SCT.

20121117-152136.jpg

Jupiter as it appeared 11/16/12 ca. 9:00pm

The Dob must have had a low power eyepiece in it because, in terms of magnification, Jupiter and the Galilean moons did not seem that different in size from when I look through a 9mm EP in my telescope. However, as the aperture was larger, the image was crisper. The Pleiades, in my opinion, was actually less pleasing than through my telescope. I think this is because – again, just my opinion – M45 is best viewed in its entirety. One of the things that makes clusters so appealing to look at is the vast quantity of stars in such a small area. At the higher magnifications, there was a lot of space between them diminishing the “cluster-ness” of the object.  If it were up to me, I would have pointed the dob at the Seven Sisters and the 14″ SCT on Jupiter. That may also have to do with my personal desires of viewing Jupiter at higher magnifications with some filters to really see some cloud-banding and detail. Andromeda appeared as a faint, gray ball of haze. It was something to see another galaxy with my own eye.

One thing that I was extremely happy about, however, was the information that was provided about the Pleiades while we were waiting in line to view it. In my first write-up of one of these events, I lamented the utter lack of information being provided to the public who showed up to learn about astronomy. This time, however, interesting facts were recited about how far away the open cluster is, what it is, what color the stars burn and why, and more. Such use of the scientific podium is a constructive use of time while people await their turn to put their eyes to the telescope, and gives them something to think about while they look (“Can I actually see all seven “sisters”?). This makes for excellent public outreach. Well done, @columbiaastro!

Good times. Good science. Good people. Good night!

20121117-152125.jpg

Summer Ash, Ashley Pagnotta, and Me

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